Supply Chain Risks and Resilience in Grains-Crop farming in North-Western Nigeria
Downloads
Many small-scale grain-crop farmers in northern Nigeria encounter environmental, economic, political, and technological risks. This research investigates the farming supply chain value risks and assesses the resilience capacity of grains-crop farmers in North-Western Nigeria. Data gathering involved purposive sampling to conduct qualitative interviews. Findings suggest that poor infrastructure, activities of insurgent groups, unfavourable weather conditions, limited access to finance, high cost of inputs, and inadequate technologies are some of the major challenges facing small-scale grain farmers in northern Nigeria. Research advocates better support to farmers to help prevent risks or overcome the effects of risks. Training and adult literacy skills for rural farmholders are advocated in this work. Policies delivered to rural farmers will lower risks to farmers and support the ability for stronger resilience. This study adopted qualitative research which implies that the outcome will not represent all the smallholder farmers in North-Western Nigeria. Future researchers may adopt quantitative analysis to be more representative.
Downloads
1. Acharya, R.N. (2018), “The effects of changing climate and market conditions on crop yield and acreage allocation in Nepal”, Climate, Vol. 6 No. 2, p. 32.
2. Adaku, A. A., & Amanor-Boadu, V. (2023). Transaction costs and inter-organizational relations between farmers and farm product buyers in Ghana. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 13(1), 53-69.
3. Adewole, A., and Struthers, J. J. (2019). Trade and Economic Development in Africa: The Interaction between Logistics and Global Value Chains. Logistics and Global Value Chains in Africa: The Impact on Trade and Development, 3-15.
4. Ajibefun, I.A. (2006), “Cropping system, technical efficiency and policy options: a stochastic frontier analysis of Nigerian small-scale farmers”, Quarterly Journal of International. Agriculture., Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 145-69.
5. Akinsuyi, Y., (2011). Local Government Intervention: Impact in Small Scale Farming. This Day Live
6. Akudugu, M. A. (2016). Agricultural productivity, credit and farm size nexus in Africa: a case study of Ghana. Agricultural Finance Review, 76(2), 288-308.
7. Akudugu, M.A., Garforth, C.J. and Dorward, P. (2013), “Improvement in crop production in Ghana: is it due to area expansion or increased productivity?”, Developing Country Studies, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 176-186.
8. Allen, R. (2009), The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
9. Amari. M, et.al., (2021) Variability in agricultural productivity and rural household consumption inequality: Evidence from Nigeria and Uganda; Agricultural Economics, Volume 52, Issue 1, pp19-36; Wiley
10. Ani, K. J., Anyika, V. O., and Mutambara, E. (2022). The impact of climate change on food and human security in Nigeria. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 14(2), 148-167.
11. Anyiro, C. O., and Oriaku, B. N. (2011). Access to and investment of formal micro credit by small holder farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. A case study of Absu Micro Finance Bank, Uturu.
12. Apata, T. G., et.al (2010). Determinants of rural poverty in Nigeria: Evidence from small holder farmers in South-western, Nigeria. Journal of science and technology education research, 1(4), 85-91.
13. Asbjørnslett, B.E., (2009). Assessing the vulnerability of supply chains. Supply chain risk: A handbook of assessment, management, and performance, pp. 15–33
14. Barroso, A., et al (2008) ‘A supply chain disturbances classification
15. Bellemare M (2012) The welfare Impact of contract farming; Econpapers; World Development; Vol 40, Issue 7; pp1418- 1434
16. Benin, S., Thurlow, J., Diao, et.al (2012), “Uganda”, in Diao, X., Thurlow, J., Benin, S. and Fan, S. (Eds), Strategies and Priorities for African Agriculture: Economy-Wide Perspectives from Country Studies, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, pp. 281-316
17. Bijman Jos (2008) Contract Farming in Developing Countries: An Overview, Development Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Netherlands
18. Blench, R. M., & Ingawa, S. A. (2004). A practical guide for national fadama development project ii on conflict and management. The World Bank PCF/Government of Nigeria PCU Fadama, 11(2004), 1-19.
19. Bopp, C., et.al., (2019), “The role of farmers’ intrinsic motivation in the effectiveness of policy incentives to promote sustainable agricultural practices”, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 244, pp. 320-327.
20. Brzeska, J., Diao, X., Fan, S. and Thurlow, J. (2012), “African agriculture and development”, in Diao, X., Thurlow, J., Benin, S. and Fan, S. (Eds), Strategies and Priorities for African Agriculture: Economy-Wide Perspectives from Country Studies, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, pp. 1-16.
21. Carvalho, H., Azevedo, S.G. and Cruz-Machado, V., (2014). Supply chain management resilience: a theory building approach. International Journal of Supply Chain and Operations Resilience, 1(1), pp.3-27.
22. Chandrasekaran, N. and Raghuram, G. (2014), Agribusiness Supply Chain Management, Taylor and Francis Group LLC, CRC Press
23. Chikowo, R and Zingore, S. et.al (2014), “Farm typologies, soil fertility variability and nutrient management in smallholder farming in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Vol. 100 No. 1, pp. 1-18.
24. Chopra, S. and Sodhi, M.S., (2014). Reducing the risk of supply chain disruptions. MIT Sloan management review.
25. Christopher, M., (2016). Logistics and supply chain management. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
26. Christopher, M., and Peck, H., (2004). Building the resilient supply chain. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol.15 No.2, pp 1-14
27. Clasadonte, L. and De Vries, E., et.al (2013). Network companies: a new phenomenon in South American farming. British food journal, 115(6), 850-863.
28. Cleaver, K. (2012), “Investing in agriculture to reduce poverty and hunger: scaling up in agriculture, rural development, and nutrition”, Focus 19, Brief 2, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
29. Cottrel Stella (2014), Dissertation and Project Reports; Volume 82, Bloomsbury Academy, UK
30. Davis. Don, E et al., (2016) Thankful for the Little Things: A Meta-Analysis of Gratitude Interventions; Journal of Counselling Psychology; American Psychological Association 2016, Vol. 63, No. 1, 20 –31
31. De Backer, K., & Miroudot, S. (2014). Mapping global value chains.
32. Deloach, J. W. (2000) Enterprise-Wide Risk Management: Strategies for Linking Risk and
33. Devaux. A, et.al (2018). Agricultural innovation and inclusive value-chain development: a review. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 8(1), 99-123.
34. Dixon, J., Gulliver, A. and Gibbon, D. (2001), “Farming systems and poverty: improving farmers ‘livelihoods in a changing world”, FAO and World Bank, Rome, Italy and Washington, DC.
35. Eaton, C. and Shepherd, A. (2001) Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
36. Eboh, E.C. and Lemchi, J.I. (2010), Business Environment in Nigerian States 2010: Tackling the Security Challenge, African Institute for Applied Economics, Enugu.
37. Elijah, O. and Orikumhi et.al (2017), “Enabling smart agriculture in Nigeria: application of IoT and data analytics”, Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Electro-Technology for National Development.
38. Enesi, R.O and Hauser, S. et.al (2018), “Yam tuber and maize grain yield response to cropping system intensification in South-West Nigeria”, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, Vol. 64 No. 7, p. 953.
39. Fawole, W.O, and Ozkan, B (2018) Insecurity Risks Perception and Management Strategies among Households: Implications for Zero Hunger Target in Nigeria; New Medit No. 2
40. Federal Office of Statistics (FOS), 1999. Poverty and Agricultural Sector in Nigeria, Poverty Incidence of Farmers by Region. FOS. Lagos, pp: 22-23
41. FMARD (2022), Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nigeria
42. FMARD (2023) The “APPEALS Project” – federal ministry of agriculture & rural, Nigeria
43. FMARD (2023) The “LIFE Programme” – federal ministry of agriculture & rural, Nigeria
44. FMARD (2023) The “zero reject” initiative – federal ministry of agriculture & rural, Nigeria
45. Gentle P & Neumann, K., et.al (2010), “The yield gap of global grain production: a spatial analysis”, Agricultural Systems, Vol. 103 No. 5, pp. 316-326.
46. Gentle, P. and Maraseni, T.N. (2012), “Climate change, poverty and livelihoods: adaptation practices by rural mountain communities in Nepal”, Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 21, pp. 24-34.
47. Gereffi, G., and Fernandez-Stark, K. (2016). Global value chain analysis: a primer.
48. Greening, P. and Rutherford, C., (2011). Disruptions and supply networks: a multi‐level, multi‐theoretical relational perspective. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 22(1), pp.104-126
49. Gunasekera, D., Cai, Y. and Newth, D., (2015). Effects of foreign direct investment in African agriculture. China Agricultural Economic Review.
50. Haggblade, S., (2011). Modernizing African agribusiness: reflections for the future. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 1(1), pp.10-30.
51. Hansen, J., Hellin, J., et.al (2019) Climate risk management and rural poverty reduction. Agricultural Systems, 172, 28-46.
52. Ivanov, D., (2018). Structural dynamics and resilience in supply chain risk management (Vol. 265). Berlin, Germany: Springer International Publishing.
53. Jason, D., Steven, F., et.al (2015), “Guides for value chain development: a comparative review”, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 2-23.
54. Johns, C.M and Kimber, N., et.al (2016), “Evaluating the outcomes of VCA-led improvement projects: a case study of an Australian prawn fishery”, British Food Journal, Vol. 118 No. 12, pp. 2997-3011.
55. Johnston, A (2014) Secondary Data Analysis: A method of which the Time has come; Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in libraries; Vol 3 (3) pp619-626
56. Katie, D.R., Calum, G.T. and Miguel, I.G. (2014), “Value chain approaches to development: smallholder farmer perceptions of risk and benefits across three cocoa chains in Ghana”, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 2-2
57. Kingwell, R., Loxton, R., and Mardaneh, E. (2020). Factors and scenarios affecting a farmer’s grain harvest logistics. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 64(2), 244-265.
58. Knight, F. (1965) Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Harper & Row, New York (first published)
59. Larsen, M.N. (2016), “Sustaining Upgrading in Agricultural value chains? State-led value chain interventions and emerging bifurcation of the South Indian Smallholder Tea sector, Sustainability”
60. Lipton M (2005). Can Small Farms Survive, Prosper, or be the key Channel to Cut Mass Poverty? Presentation to FAO Symposiums on Agricultural Commercialization and the Small Farmer, Rome, 4-5 May 2005.
61. Lovo, S. (2016), “Tenure insecurity and investment in soil conservation. Evidence from Malawi”, World Development, Vol. 78, pp. 219-229.
62. Nagayets, O. (2005),“Small farms: current status and key trends”, International Food Policy Research Institute.
63. NBS, (2021). National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria
64. Nellemann, C., MacDevette, M., et.al (2009), “The environmental food crisis – The environment’s role in averting future food crises”, A UNEP rapid response assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal.
65. Nguyen, N., Mobsby, D. and Goesch, T. (2016). Farm-to-retail price spread and farm share in food supply chains: Background paper, ABARES research report 16.5, Canberra, ACT, December
66. Obayelu, A. E., Okoruwa, V. O., and Ajani, O. I. Y. (2009). Cross‐sectional analysis of food demand in the North Central, Nigeria: The quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) approach. China agricultural economic review, 1(2), 173-193.
67. Oladokun, N. O., Larbani, M., & Mohammed, M. O. (2015). The problems facing the agricultural sector in Nigeria and the prospect of Muzara’ah and supply chain model. Humanomics, 31(1), 18-36.
68. Olomu, M. O., Ekperiware, M. C., and Akinlo, T. (2020). Agricultural sector value chain and government policy in Nigeria: issues, challenges and prospects. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 11(3), 525-538.
69. Omeje, E.E., Arene, C.J. and Okpukpara, C.B. (2019), “Impact of agricultural protection on agricultural growth in Nigeria: political economy perspective (1980-2016)”, Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Vol. 22 No. 1, p. 41.
70. Opara, S., (2011). Exploring lifeline in small-scale farming. NBF Topics in Mgbenka, RN and
71. Mbah EN. (2016). A review of smallholder farming in Nigeria: need for Transformation. International Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Studies, 3(2), pp.43-54;
72. Orr Alastair and Donovan Jason (2018), Introduction to Special Issue: Smallholder Value Chains as Complex Adaptive Systems, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, Vol.8 Issue 1 . pp 2-13; Emerald Insight, UK
73. Osa-Afiana, L.O. and Kelikume, I. (2016), “The impact of banking sector reforms and credit supply on agricultural sector: evidence from Nigeria”, The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 50 No. 5, pp. 71-84.
74. Owutuamor, Z.B. and Arene, C.J. (2018), “The impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on agricultural growth in Nigeria (1979-2014)”, Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Vol. 21 No. 1, p. 40.
75. Poulton C, Dorward A, Kydd J (2005). The Future of Small Farms: New Directions for Services, Institutions and Intermediation. In Proceedings of Research Workshop on the future of small farms Wye, UK Organised by International Food policy research institute (IFPRI)/2020 initiative and Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Imperial College, London
76. Reddy, A. A., Raju, S. S., et.al (2018). Analysis of pearl millet market structure and value chain in India. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 8(2), 406-424.
77. Routroy, S., and Behera, A. (2017). Agriculture supply chain: A systematic review of literature and implications for future research. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 7(3), 275-302.
78. Saritas, O. and Kuzminov, I., (2017). Global challenges and trends in agriculture: impacts on Russia and possible strategies for adaptation. Foresight.
79. Setboonsarng, S., Leung, P.S. and Stefan, A. (2008), “Rice contract farming in Lao PDR: moving from subsistence to commercial agriculture”, ADB Institute Discussion Papers No. 90, Asian Development Bank, Tokyo.
80. Sharma Nivedita (2016). Determining Growers’ Participation in Contract Farming in Punjab; Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.51, No.2; pp58-65
81. Simangunsong, E., Hendry, L.C., and Stevenson, M., (2016). Managing supply chain uncertainty with emerging ethical issues; Strategies for dealing with uncertainty in supply chains; International Journal of Operations & Production Management.
82. Singh, S. (2000; 2005; 2019), “Contract farming for agricultural diversification in the India Punjab: a study of performance and problems”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.56. No.3, pp. 283-94.
83. Tadesse, W., Bishaw, Z., and Assefa, S. (2019). Wheat production and breeding in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and opportunities in the face of climate change. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 11(5), 696-715.
84. Tesfaye, K., Gbegbelegbe, S., et.al (2015). Maize systems under climate change in sub-Saharan Africa: Potential impacts on production and food security. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 7(3), 247-271.
85. Tetyana, K.U.T.S. and MAKARCHUK, O., (2023). Supply Chains in the Crop Production Industry of Ukraine: Manin Participants and Peculiarities of Integration. Journal of European Economy, Vol. 21 (4), pp435-447.
86. Tripathi R.S, Singh Ram, and Singh Sube et al (2005), Contract Farming in Potato Production: An Alternative for Managing Risk and Uncertainty; Agricultural Economic Research Review, Vol. 18; pp47-60
87. Tsolakis, N. K., Keramydas, C. A., et.al (2014). Agrifood supply chain management: A comprehensive hierarchical decision-making framework and a critical taxonomy. Biosystems engineering, 120, 47-64.
88. Vroegindewey, R., Theriault, V., and Staatz, J. (2018). Coordinating cereal farmers and buyers: evidence from Mali. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 8(2), 234-255.
89. World Bank Report (2008)
90. World Wide Fund (WWF) Reports (2024)
91. Wyant, A., (2021). A Cross-National Examination of Food Insecurity and Gender Equality. Sociology of Development, 7(3), pp.285-313.
92. Yan, B., Wu, J. and Wang, F. (2019), “CVaR-based risk assessment and control of the agricultural supply chain”, Management Decision, Vol. 57 No. 7, pp. 1496-1510
93. Zingore, S., Tittonell, P., et.al (2011), “Managing soil fertility diversity to enhance resource use efficiencies in smallholder farming systems: a case from Murewa district, Zimbabwe”, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Vol. 90 No. 1, pp. 87-103.
94. Ziolkowski Krzysztof (2023) Trends in Grains Market During Russian-Ukraine War; Global Trade Analytics Suite (GTAS)
Copyright (c) 2025 Obed G. Sambo, Dr. Adebisi Adewole
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
