Human Africa Trypanosomiasis in Littoral Region of Cameroon: an Updated With First Evidence on the Circulation of Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense in Manoka Island

Grace Florentine Mamia; Bita Gael Atangana; Sartrien Tagueu Kante; Romeo Martial Tchoffo-Fobasso; Arnol Auvaker Zebaze Tiofack; Herman Parfait Awono-Ambene; Gustave Simo; Jean Arthur Mbida Mbida

doi:10.18535/ijsrm/v10i10.mp03

Abstract

Aims: A survey on Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is essential for prevention and preparedness for epidemics. The objective of this study is to assess the circulation of human trypanosomes and their vectors across quiescent HAT foci of the Littoral Region of Cameroon.

Methodology: A descriptive study on the presence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and its potential vectors was carried out in Youpwe, Yabassi, Sodiko, Manoka island and Cape-Cameroon Island from February to April 2022.Tsetse flies collected from the five selected locations using pyramidal traps, were first classified by species according to their morphology, then by sub-species with Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnostic (PCR-Diag). Trypanosoma species and sub-species were subsequently identified and genotyped using a Nested PCR.

Results: Glossina palpalis palpalis was the unique tsetse subspecies recorded across the five locations. The tsetse infection rate by Trypanosoma ssp. varied between 5.35% in Cape-island and 35.71% in Manoka island. Three Trypanosoma species were detected: T. brucei s.l. 32/500 (6.4%), T. congolense 15/500 (3.0%), and T. vivax 8/500 (1.6%). The sub-species T. b. gambiense responsible for HAT was detected in tsetse flies from Manoka (2/150: 1.33%), whereas T. congolense consisted of T. congolense “forest” and T. congolense “savannah” types.

Conclusion: The presence of T. b. gambiense and T. congolense sub-species in Manoka and nearby suggests residual circulation of human and animal trypanosomes in quiescent HAT foci of the littoral region of Cameroon.

Keywords

Human African TrypanosomiasisTrypanosoma brucei gambienseTrypanosoma congolenseGlossina Palpalis PalpalisLittoral RegionCameroon 1

References

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Brunhes J, Cuisance D, Geoffroy B, Hervy J-P. & Lebbe J. Les glossines ou mouches tsétsé Paris.Logiciel d'identification Glossine Expert. Manuel illustré d'utilisation. Collection « Didactiques » ORSTOM Paris.1994;160.Google Scholar ↗
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Angara TEE, Ismail AA, Ibrahim AM. An overview on the economic impacts of animal trypanosomiasis. glob j res anal 2014; 3:2277– 8160Google Scholar ↗
Courtioux B, Pervieux L, Bisser S,et Bouteiille B. Marqueur du stade neurologique de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine : actualités et perspectives. Medicine/Science; 2008; 68: 17-23Google Scholar ↗
OMS. Trypanosomose humaine africaine (maladie du sommeil). Aide mémoire.2015; N°259Google Scholar ↗
Tchouomene-Labou J, Nana-Djeunga H, Simo G, Njitchouang GR, Cuny G, Asonganyi T, Njiokou F. Spatial and temporal variations relevant to tsetse control in the Bipindi focus of Southern Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:193Google Scholar ↗
Grébaut P, Melachio T, Nyangmang S, Ebo’o Eyenga V, Njitchouang GR, Ofon E et al. Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon). Parasites & Vectors. 2016; 9:201Google Scholar ↗
Genevoix Y, Eouzan JP, Ferrara L. Glossines er trypanosomiases dans l’estuaire du Wouri. ORSTOM Fond documentaire 1985 ; n0 19700Google Scholar ↗
Atangana BG, Gombo AA, Mamia GF, Simo G, Mbida Mbida JA. Tsetse flies’ ecology and trypanosomes circulating in the manoka island, littoral-cameroon. journal of entomology and zoology studies 2020; 8(5): 1438-1444Google Scholar ↗
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Morrison LJ., Tait A. & McCormack G. (). Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Type 1 populations from human patients are clonal and display geographical genetic differentiation. Infection, genetics and evolution. 2008; 8: 847-854.Google Scholar ↗
Eouzan JP, Ferrara L. Habitat et rythme d’activité de Glossina caliginea dans une zone littorale du Sud Cameroun Comparaison avec Glossina palpalis palpalisCahiers. ORSTOM., série Entomologie médicale et Parasitologie. 1978; XVI:243-250Google Scholar ↗
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Simo G, Silatsa B, Flobert N, Lutumba P, Mansinsa P, Madinga J, et al. Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the DemocraticRepublic of Congo. Parasit Vectors. 2012; 5:201.Google Scholar ↗
Solano P, Michel JF, Lefrançois T, De La Rocque S, Sidibé I, Zoungrana A, Cuisance.Polymerase chain reaction as a diagnosis tool for detecting trypanosomes in naturally infected cattle in Burkina Faso. Vet Parasitol D, 1999; 86 :95–103.Google Scholar ↗
Njitchouang GR, Njiokou F, Nana-Djeunga H, Asonganyi T, Moundipa-Fewou P, Simo G: A new Transmission Risk Index of Human African Trypanosomiasis and its application for the identification of high transmission sites of sleeping sickness in the Fontem focus, South West Cameroon. Med Vet Entomol 2011 ;25 :289–296Google Scholar ↗
Kanté ST, Melachio T, Ofon E, Njiokou F and Simo G. Detection of Wolbachia and different trypanosome species in Glossina palpalis palpalis populations from three sleeping sickness foci of southern Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 2018 ;11 :630 (a).Google Scholar ↗
Kanté TS, Farikou O, Njiokou F & Simo G. Prevalence of Sodalis glossinidius and different trypanosome species in Glossina palpalis palpalis caught in the Fontem sleeping sickness focus of the southern Cameroon. Parasite 2018 ;25, 44 (b).Google Scholar ↗
Bengaly et al., 2002Bengaly Z, Sidibe I, Ganaba R, Desquesnes M, Boly H, Sawadogo L: Comparative pathogenicity of three genetically distinct types of Trypanosoma congolense in cattle: clinical observations and haematological changes. Vet Parasitol.2002 ;108, 1-19Google Scholar ↗
Stephen LE, Mulligan HW (Ed.). The African Trypanosomiases. Allen and Unwin, London, 1970. pp.774–794.Google Scholar ↗
Authié E, Bringaud F, Bakalara N, Tetaud E, Baltzt. Trypanosomoses humaines et animales : Maladie du sommeil et Nagana. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur. 1999; 10(1) :27-50.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-1] Wiedemann CRW. Aussereuropaische zweiflügelige Insekten, Zweiter Theil, Zungen flies, Glossina.1930. 183;253-25.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-2] Brunhes J, Cuisance D, Geoffroy B, Hervy J-P. & Lebbe J. Les glossines ou mouches tsétsé Paris.Logiciel d'identification Glossine Expert. Manuel illustré d'utilisation. Collection « Didactiques » ORSTOM Paris.1994;160.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-3] WHO. La trypanosomiase humaine africaine (maladie du sommeil), Aide-mémoire Février 2018; N°259Google Scholar ↗

[refR-4] Angara TEE, Ismail AA, Ibrahim AM. An overview on the economic impacts of animal trypanosomiasis. glob j res anal 2014; 3:2277– 8160Google Scholar ↗

[refR-5] Courtioux B, Pervieux L, Bisser S,et Bouteiille B. Marqueur du stade neurologique de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine : actualités et perspectives. Medicine/Science; 2008; 68: 17-23Google Scholar ↗

[refR-6] OMS. Trypanosomose humaine africaine (maladie du sommeil). Aide mémoire.2015; N°259Google Scholar ↗

[refR-7] Tchouomene-Labou J, Nana-Djeunga H, Simo G, Njitchouang GR, Cuny G, Asonganyi T, Njiokou F. Spatial and temporal variations relevant to tsetse control in the Bipindi focus of Southern Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:193Google Scholar ↗

[refR-8] Grébaut P, Melachio T, Nyangmang S, Ebo’o Eyenga V, Njitchouang GR, Ofon E et al. Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon). Parasites & Vectors. 2016; 9:201Google Scholar ↗

[refR-9] Genevoix Y, Eouzan JP, Ferrara L. Glossines er trypanosomiases dans l’estuaire du Wouri. ORSTOM Fond documentaire 1985 ; n0 19700Google Scholar ↗

[refR-10] Atangana BG, Gombo AA, Mamia GF, Simo G, Mbida Mbida JA. Tsetse flies’ ecology and trypanosomes circulating in the manoka island, littoral-cameroon. journal of entomology and zoology studies 2020; 8(5): 1438-1444Google Scholar ↗

[refR-11] Hyacinthe A, Raymond SO, Jean Baptiste N M, et Marie Laure N M, Int. J. Biol. Chem.Sci. 12(2): April 2018; 915-926.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-12] CERMF. Les plus grandes villes d’Afrique francophone.2022Google Scholar ↗

[refR-13] Weatherbase. Historical Weather for Douala, Cameroon. Retrieved.2012.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-14] Gouteux J. P., Lancien J. (1986). Le piège pyramidal à tsé-tsé (Diptera: Glossinidae) pour la capture et la lutte. Essais comparatifs et description de nouveaux systèmes de capture. Tropical Medecine and Parasitology, 37: 61-66Google Scholar ↗

[refR-15] Pollock JN. Manuel de lutte contre la mouche tsé-tsé: Volume 2 Ecologies et comportement des tsé-tsé. (FAO).1982;114pGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-16] Brunhes J, Cuisance D, Geoffroy B. & Hervy J P. Interactive identification guide to tsetse flies, with database of information on morphology, ecology, epidemiology and control. ORSTOM/CIRAD. CD-Rom (English and French) 1998.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-17] Navajas M, Lagnel J, Gutierrez J, Bourset P. Species wide homogeneity of nuclear ribosomal ITS2 sequences in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae contrasts with extensive mitochondrial COI polymorphism. Heredity. 1998 ;80 :742–52Google Scholar ↗

[refR-18] Dyer NA, Lawton SP, Ravel S, Choi KS, Lehane MJ, Robinson AS, Okedi LA, Hall M, Solano P, Donnelly MJ. Molecular phylogenetics of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) based on mitochondrial (CO1, 16S, ND2) and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on the palpalis group. Mol Phylogenet Evol.2008; 49:227– 239Google Scholar ↗

[refR-19] Desquenes M, Mc.Lauglin G, Zoungrana A, Davila A R. Detection and identification of Trypanosoma of African live stock through a single PCR based on internal transcribed spacer 1 of rDNA. International journal of Parasitology. .2001;31 :610- 614.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-20] Farikou O, Njiokou F, Simo G, Asonganyi T, Cuny G, Geiger A. Tsetse fly blood meal modification and trypanosome identification in two sleeping sickness foci in the forest of southern Cameroon. Acta Trop. 2010; 116:81–8Google Scholar ↗

[refR-21] Masiga DK, Smith AJ, Ayes P, Bromidge TJ, Gibson WC. Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification, international journal for parasitology,1992; 22: 909-918.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-22] Moser D.R., Cook G.A., Ochs D.E., Bailey C.P., McKane M.R. & Donelson J.E. Detection of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei subspecies by DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. Parasitology, 1989. 1: 57-66Google Scholar ↗

[refR-23] Radwanska M, Claes F, Magez S, Magnus E, Perez-Morga D, Pays E, et al. Novel primer sequences for polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002 ;67(3) :289-95.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-24] Morrison LJ., Tait A. & McCormack G. (). Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Type 1 populations from human patients are clonal and display geographical genetic differentiation. Infection, genetics and evolution. 2008; 8: 847-854.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-25] Eouzan JP, Ferrara L. Habitat et rythme d’activité de Glossina caliginea dans une zone littorale du Sud Cameroun Comparaison avec Glossina palpalis palpalisCahiers. ORSTOM., série Entomologie médicale et Parasitologie. 1978; XVI:243-250Google Scholar ↗

[refR-26] Mbang N O, Mavoungou JF,Mawili-M D , Zinga K R , Bouyou-A MK , M’batchi .B Inventory of potential vectors of trypanosoma and infection rate of the Tsetse fly in the National Park of Ivindo, Gabon. African Health Sciences Vol 15 Issue 3, September 2015Google Scholar ↗

[refR-27] Cyrille NK, Arnol AZT,Estelle MM, Elvis AO, Emmanuel BDG, Gustave. Molecular identification of different trypanosome species in tsetse flies caught in the wildlife reserve of Santchou in the western region of Cameroon.2020.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-28] Simo G, Silatsa B, Flobert N, Lutumba P, Mansinsa P, Madinga J, et al. Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the DemocraticRepublic of Congo. Parasit Vectors. 2012; 5:201.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-29] Solano P, Michel JF, Lefrançois T, De La Rocque S, Sidibé I, Zoungrana A, Cuisance.Polymerase chain reaction as a diagnosis tool for detecting trypanosomes in naturally infected cattle in Burkina Faso. Vet Parasitol D, 1999; 86 :95–103.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-30] Njitchouang GR, Njiokou F, Nana-Djeunga H, Asonganyi T, Moundipa-Fewou P, Simo G: A new Transmission Risk Index of Human African Trypanosomiasis and its application for the identification of high transmission sites of sleeping sickness in the Fontem focus, South West Cameroon. Med Vet Entomol 2011 ;25 :289–296Google Scholar ↗

[refR-31] Kanté ST, Melachio T, Ofon E, Njiokou F and Simo G. Detection of Wolbachia and different trypanosome species in Glossina palpalis palpalis populations from three sleeping sickness foci of southern Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 2018 ;11 :630 (a).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-32] Kanté TS, Farikou O, Njiokou F & Simo G. Prevalence of Sodalis glossinidius and different trypanosome species in Glossina palpalis palpalis caught in the Fontem sleeping sickness focus of the southern Cameroon. Parasite 2018 ;25, 44 (b).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-33] Bengaly et al., 2002Bengaly Z, Sidibe I, Ganaba R, Desquesnes M, Boly H, Sawadogo L: Comparative pathogenicity of three genetically distinct types of Trypanosoma congolense in cattle: clinical observations and haematological changes. Vet Parasitol.2002 ;108, 1-19Google Scholar ↗

[refR-34] Stephen LE, Mulligan HW (Ed.). The African Trypanosomiases. Allen and Unwin, London, 1970. pp.774–794.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-35] Authié E, Bringaud F, Bakalara N, Tetaud E, Baltzt. Trypanosomoses humaines et animales : Maladie du sommeil et Nagana. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur. 1999; 10(1) :27-50.Google Scholar ↗