Group A Streptococcus Infection in Children : Literature Review

Christian Martin Tjiu Ritonga

doi:10.18535/ijsrm/v11i11.mp03

Abstract

Streptococci are a large and diverse group of gram-positive cocci that grow in pairs or chains. Invasive group A Streptococcus infection (GAS) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The mechanism for spreading Streptococcus from one person to another and one part of the body to another part of the body varies according to the clinical manifestations of the infection. Group A Streptococcus infection, consisting of non-invasive gas infection and invasive gas infection. Generally, for non-severe infections due to group A Streptococcus is good with very low morbidity and mortality rates. On the other hand, the more invasive and severe infections caused by group A Streptococcus carry with them significant mortality and morbidity rates. The purpose of writing this literature review is to improve understanding and treatment of group A streptococcal infections in children so that the mortality and morbidity associated with this infection can be reduced.

Keywords

Group A StreptococciInfectionChildren

References

Kaplan, SA Group A Streptococcal Infection. 3rd ed. Cherry, editor. Tokyo: Saunders; 2018. 1296–1305 p.Google Scholar ↗
Garna, SSPSH Textbook of Infections & Tropical Pediatrics. 2nd ed. Satari SRSH. HI, editor. Jakarta: IDAI Publishing Agency; 2018. 352–368 p.Google Scholar ↗
Prakash K Wari, Siddappa F Dandinavar, Raghavendraswami Amoghimath, Roopali Desai, HP Streptococcal Infections in Children: An Update. Pediatr Infect Dis. 2019;1(3):114–9.Google Scholar ↗
Schmitz M, Roux X, Huttner B, PJ Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in the intensive care unit. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;88(1):1–10.Google Scholar ↗
Kumaji, SS Identification of Streptococcus pyogenes Bacterium in Children Suffering From Tonsillopharyngitis by Culture Method and Technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction. Hasanuddin University; 2017.Google Scholar ↗
Yunita, R. Pathogenesis of Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection. J Fak Kedokt Univ North Sumatra. 2017;1(1):1–21.Google Scholar ↗
Kusuma, SAF Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. J Padjadjaran University Farm Health. 2020;1(1):1–14.Google Scholar ↗
Watanabe, S., Takemoto, N., Ogura, K. Severe invasive streptococcal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimiles. Microbiol Immunol. 2016;60(1):1–9.Google Scholar ↗
Wahab, ASWAS Streptococcal Infection. Medical Science Periodical. 2014;6(3):1–8.Google Scholar ↗
I Wayan Suardana, NMAAD, Sukrama, IDM Identification of β-Hemolysis Streptococcus Species Isolated from Pig Nasals and Tonsils using the Bacitracin Test. Bul Vet Udayana. 2021;13(1):27–33.Google Scholar ↗
Dan, J., Havenar-Daughton, C., Brigger, M., Bothwell, M., Crotty, S. The Immunology of Recurrent Group A Streptococcus Tonsillitis. Immunology. 2016;1(2):1–10.Google Scholar ↗
Vaitla, SKP Streptococcus Pyogenes. StatPearls. 2022;1(1):1–12.Google Scholar ↗
Thomas L Snelling, JRC Group A Streptococcus. In: Shaw JE, editor. Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emergency Infectious Disease. 1st ed. United States Of America: Saunders; 2018. p. 391–401.Google Scholar ↗
Nelly Janira Avire, HW, Ross, K. A Review of Streptococcus pyogenes: Public Health Risk Factors, Prevention and Control. Pathogens. 2021;10(248):1–17.Google Scholar ↗
WGoSS. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and definition consensus. The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. JAMA. 2013;269(1):390–391.Google Scholar ↗
Monika L. Dietrich, RWS Group A Streptococcus. Pediatr Rev. 2018;39(8):379–91.Google Scholar ↗
Spellerberg B, BC Laboratory Diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci). Univ. Oklahoma Heal Sci Cent. 2016;1(1):1–25.Google Scholar ↗
Good MF, Batzloff MR, PM Strategies in the development of vaccines to prevent infections with group A streptococcus. Hum Vaccine Immunother. 2017;2(1):1–15.Google Scholar ↗
Ricardo G. Hahn, MD, Lynda M. Knox, P.. Evaluation of Poststreptococcal Illness. Am Fam Physician. 2015;71(10):1949–54.Google Scholar ↗
McNeil SA, Halperin SA, L. A double-blinded, randomized, controlled phase II trial of the safety and immunogenicity of a 26 valent group A streptococcus vaccine in healthy adults. XVIth Lancefield Int Symp Streptococci Streptococcal Dis. 2015;1(2):1–15.Google Scholar ↗
Carapetis JR, Beaton A, Cunningham MW, Guilherme L, Karthikeyan G, Mayosi BM, Sable C, Steer A, Wilson N, Wyber R, ZL Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2016;4(2):1–12.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-1] Kaplan, SA Group A Streptococcal Infection. 3rd ed. Cherry, editor. Tokyo: Saunders; 2018. 1296–1305 p.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-2] Garna, SSPSH Textbook of Infections & Tropical Pediatrics. 2nd ed. Satari SRSH. HI, editor. Jakarta: IDAI Publishing Agency; 2018. 352–368 p.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-3] Prakash K Wari, Siddappa F Dandinavar, Raghavendraswami Amoghimath, Roopali Desai, HP Streptococcal Infections in Children: An Update. Pediatr Infect Dis. 2019;1(3):114–9.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-4] Schmitz M, Roux X, Huttner B, PJ Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in the intensive care unit. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;88(1):1–10.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-5] Kumaji, SS Identification of Streptococcus pyogenes Bacterium in Children Suffering From Tonsillopharyngitis by Culture Method and Technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction. Hasanuddin University; 2017.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-6] Yunita, R. Pathogenesis of Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection. J Fak Kedokt Univ North Sumatra. 2017;1(1):1–21.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-7] Kusuma, SAF Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. J Padjadjaran University Farm Health. 2020;1(1):1–14.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-8] Watanabe, S., Takemoto, N., Ogura, K. Severe invasive streptococcal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimiles. Microbiol Immunol. 2016;60(1):1–9.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-9] Wahab, ASWAS Streptococcal Infection. Medical Science Periodical. 2014;6(3):1–8.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-10] I Wayan Suardana, NMAAD, Sukrama, IDM Identification of β-Hemolysis Streptococcus Species Isolated from Pig Nasals and Tonsils using the Bacitracin Test. Bul Vet Udayana. 2021;13(1):27–33.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-11] Dan, J., Havenar-Daughton, C., Brigger, M., Bothwell, M., Crotty, S. The Immunology of Recurrent Group A Streptococcus Tonsillitis. Immunology. 2016;1(2):1–10.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-12] Vaitla, SKP Streptococcus Pyogenes. StatPearls. 2022;1(1):1–12.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-13] Thomas L Snelling, JRC Group A Streptococcus. In: Shaw JE, editor. Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emergency Infectious Disease. 1st ed. United States Of America: Saunders; 2018. p. 391–401.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-14] Nelly Janira Avire, HW, Ross, K. A Review of Streptococcus pyogenes: Public Health Risk Factors, Prevention and Control. Pathogens. 2021;10(248):1–17.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-15] WGoSS. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and definition consensus. The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. JAMA. 2013;269(1):390–391.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-16] Monika L. Dietrich, RWS Group A Streptococcus. Pediatr Rev. 2018;39(8):379–91.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-17] Spellerberg B, BC Laboratory Diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci). Univ. Oklahoma Heal Sci Cent. 2016;1(1):1–25.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-18] Good MF, Batzloff MR, PM Strategies in the development of vaccines to prevent infections with group A streptococcus. Hum Vaccine Immunother. 2017;2(1):1–15.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-19] Ricardo G. Hahn, MD, Lynda M. Knox, P.. Evaluation of Poststreptococcal Illness. Am Fam Physician. 2015;71(10):1949–54.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-20] McNeil SA, Halperin SA, L. A double-blinded, randomized, controlled phase II trial of the safety and immunogenicity of a 26 valent group A streptococcus vaccine in healthy adults. XVIth Lancefield Int Symp Streptococci Streptococcal Dis. 2015;1(2):1–15.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-21] Carapetis JR, Beaton A, Cunningham MW, Guilherme L, Karthikeyan G, Mayosi BM, Sable C, Steer A, Wilson N, Wyber R, ZL Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2016;4(2):1–12.Google Scholar ↗