Tax Morale, Tax Rate and Voluntary Personal Income Tax Compliance Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Vietnam
Downloads
This study investigates the factor influence of voluntary personal income tax (PIT) compliance in the Vietnam context post Covid 19 with perception of fairness as a mediating variable and tax rate as a moderating variable. The research data were collected on the Google Form platform, with 300 responses forwarded to the participants from November 1, 2024, and December 31, 2024. SmartPLS 3 was used to test this relationship in the proposed hypotheses. This study found the existence of all proposed relationships. A highlight of the study proved the existence of the mediating variable, perception of fairness, and the moderating variable, tax rate. However, the relationship between the tax rate and voluntary tax compliance shows the opposite result. Based on these results, the authors provide valuable suggestions to taxpayers and policymakers to improve PIT compliance in Vietnam.
Downloads
1. Alexander, P., & Balavac-Orlic, M. (2022). Tax morale: Framing and fairness. Economic Systems, 46(1), 100936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2021.100936
2. Alm, J., & Torgler, B. (2011). Do ethics matter? Tax compliance and morality. Journal of Business Ethics, 101(4), 635–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0761-9
3. Assfaw, A. M., & Sebhat, W. (2019). Analysis of tax compliance and its determinants: Evidence from Kaffa, Bench Maji and Sheka Zones Category B tax payers, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies, 5(1), 32–58. https://doi.org/10.32602/jafas.2019.2
4. Azemi, A. B., Palil, M. R., Mohd Amir, A., & Muhammad Said, S. (2020). Tax fairness in a developing country: Perceptions of Malaysian tax agents. Management & Accounting Review, 19(1), 49–72. Retrieved from https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/31040/
5. Barbuta-Misu, N. (2011). A review of factors for tax compliance. Economics and Applied Informatics, (1), 69–76. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ddj/fseeai/y2011i1p69-76.html?
6. Braithwaite, V. (2003). Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Ashgate Publishing
7. Chau, G., & Leung, P. (2009). A critical review of Fischer tax compliance model: A research synthesis. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 1(2), 34–40. Retrieved from https://academicjournals.org/journal/JAT/article-full-text-pdf/DC1EDBE673
8. Chin, W. W., & Newsted, P. R. (1999). Structural equation modeling analysis with small samples using partial least squares. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Statistical strategies for small sample research (pp. 307–341). Sage Publications.
9. Cummings, R. G., Martinez-Vazquez, J., McKee, M., & Torgler, B. (2009). Tax morale affects tax compliance: Evidence from surveys and an artefactual field experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 70(3), 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2008.02.010
10. DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
11. Deyganto, K. O. (2018). Factors influencing taxpayers' voluntary compliance attitude with tax system: Evidence from Gedeo Zone of Southern Ethiopia. Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance, 6(3), 92–107. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujaf.2018.060302
12. Garson, G. D. (2016). Partial Least Squares Regression and Structural Equation Models. Statistical Associates Publishing
13. Gilligan, G., & Richardson, G. (2005). Perceptions of tax fairness and tax compliance in Australia and Hong Kong: A preliminary study. Journal of Financial Crime, 12(4), 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1108/13590790510624783
14. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
15. Hardika, N. S., Wicaksana, K. A. B., & Subratha, I. N. (2021). The impact of tax knowledge, tax morale, tax volunteer on tax compliance. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Social Science (ICAST-SS 2020) (pp. 98–103). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210424.020
16. Hassan, I., Naeem, A., & Gulzar, S. (2021). Voluntary tax compliance behavior of individual taxpayers in Pakistan. Financial Innovation, 7(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00234-4
17. Helhel, Y., & Ahmed, Y. S. S. (2014). Factors affecting tax attitudes and tax compliance: A survey study in Yemen. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(22), 48–58. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270338082_Factors_Affecting_Tax_Attitudes_and_Tax_Compliance_A_Survey_Study_in_Yemen
18. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), New Challenges to International Marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277–319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
19. Höck, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2010). Local strategic networks in the software industry: An empirical analysis of the value continuum. International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies, 4(2), 132–151. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKMS.2010.030789
20. Hofmann, E., Hoelzl, E., & Kirchler, E. (2008). Preconditions of voluntary tax compliance: Knowledge and evaluation of taxation, norms, fairness, and motivation to cooperate. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 216(4), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.216.4.209
21. Kelley, H. H., & Michela, J. L. (1980). Attribution theory and research. Annual Review of Psychology, 31(1), 457–501. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.31.020180.002325
22. Kirchgässner, G. (2011). Tax morale, tax evasion, and the shadow economy. In F. Schneider (Ed.), Handbook on the Shadow Economy (pp. 347–374). Edward Elgar Publishing
23. Lisi, G. (2015). Tax morale, tax compliance and the optimal tax policy. Economic Analysis and Policy, 45, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2014.12.004
24. Mas'ud, A., Aliyu, A. A., & Gambo, E.-M. J. (2014). Tax rate and tax compliance in Africa. European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research, 2(3), 22–30. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284435538_TAX_RATE_AND_TAX_COMPLIANCE_IN_AFRICA
25. Mukhlis, I., Utomo, S. H., & Soesetyo, Y. (2014). Increasing tax compliance through strengthening capacity of education sector for export oriented SMEs handicraft field in East Java Indonesia. European Scientific Journal, 10(7), 170–184. https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/2975/2799
26. Nguyen, T. H. (2022). The impact of non-economic factors on voluntary tax compliance behavior: A case study of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam. Economies, 10(8), 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10080179
27. Palil, M. R. (2010). Tax knowledge and tax compliance determinants in self-assessment system in Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Birmingham). Retrieved from https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/1040/
28. Palil, M. R., & Mustapha, A. F. (2011). The evolution and concept of tax compliance in Asia and Europe. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(11), 557–563. Retrieved from https://www.ajbasweb.com/old/ajbas/2011/November-2011/557-563.pdf
29. Piliavin, J. A., & Charng, H.-W. (1990). Altruism: A review of recent theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 16(1), 27–65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.000331
30. Saad, W. (2011). Assessing sustainability of Lebanese public debt: A cointegration analysis approach. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 62, 58–74. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280591761_Assessing_Sustainability_of_Lebanese_Public_Debt_A_cointegration_Analysis_Approach
31. Saptono, P. B., & Khozen, I. (2023). What determines the tax compliance intention of individual taxpayers receiving COVID-19-related benefits? Insights from Indonesia. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 43(11–12), 1190–1217. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-02-2023-0045
32. Taing, H. B., & Chang, Y. (2021). Determinants of tax compliance intention: Focus on the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2020.1728313
33. Tehulu, T. A., & Dinberu, Y. D. (2014). Determinants of tax compliance behavior in Ethiopia: The case of Bahir Dar city taxpayers. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(15), 268–273. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234646522.pdf
34. Wahl, I., Kastlunger, B., & Kirchler, E. (2010). Trust in authorities and power to enforce tax compliance: An empirical analysis of the “slippery slope framework.” Law & Policy, 32(4), 383–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2010.00327.x
35. Zamudio, A.F.R., & Cama, J.L.N. (2020). (PDF) Assessment of fiscal effort and voluntary tax compliance in Peru. ResearchGate [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.14718/revfinanzpolitecon.v12.n1.2020.3121
Copyright (c) 2025 Thi Lam Anh Nguyen, Duy Anh Tran, Hoang Hai Nguyen

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.