The Impact of Social Media Marketing On SMES: A Case Study of Nigeria
Downloads
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of social media marketing on Nigerian SMEs, using a case study approach. The focus will be on the role played by social media marketing, social media, word of mouth, purchase intention, customer engagement, and brand awareness, in the growth of SMEs in Nigeria.
Methodology: The study will adopt a quantitative approach using online questionnaires to gather data. The research will adopt a case study approach, where respondents from SMEs from various industries will participate voluntarily in the study. The research will collect up to 200 data from different locations and industries in Nigeria. The questionnaire will be designed to take cues from (Nya Gibson 2018; Danho et al 2020). The collected data will be processed using a 5-point Likert scale, and the relationship between variables tested with Cronbach reliability test, correlation, and regression analysis.
Findings – The research findings strongly indicate that social media marketing has a significant and positive impact on both brand awareness and customer engagement for Nigerian SMEs. This study concludes that there exists a significant and positive relationship between social media marketing and purchase intention for Nigerian SMEs. The research reveals a positive relationship between social media marketing and word of mouth for Nigerian SMEs.
Originality/value – The value of the study is that it will evaluate the impact of social media marketing on SMEs in Nigeria. It will also examine the role of social media, word of mouth, customer engagement, purchase intention, and brand awareness has played in the growth of SMEs in Nigeria. The study will also highlight the challenges faced by SMEs while implementing social media marketing and then proffer suggestions on how to mitigate them.
Downloads
1. Abdi, H. and Williams, L.J. (2010) Principal Component Analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 2, 433-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wics.101
2. Adelina et al (2022) Effect of Social Media Marketing on Purchase Intention Mediated by Customer Trust and Consumer Brand Engagement (Survey on Consumer of Local Brand Of Skincare Product in West Sumatra, Indonesia). American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM) ISSN- 2379-106X, www.aijbm.com Volume 5, Issue 09 (September-2022), PP 114-126
3. Adobe Communication Team (2022) Learn about integrated marketing communications and improve your product promotion. Available at https://business.adobe.com/blog/basics/what-is-integrated-marketing-communication-imc#:~:text=Integrated%20marketing%20communications%20(IMC)%20is%20both%20a%20theory%20and%20a,forms%20of%20a%20business's%20communication. Accessed on 24/5/23
4. Adoyi et al (2022) The Influence Of Social Media On Market Performance Of SMEs In Nigeria. NeuroQuantology. December 2022, Volume 20, Issue 20, Page 157-176. doi: 10.48047/NQ.2022.20.20.NQ109019
5. Ahmad, S. Z., Ahmad, N., & Bakar, A. R. A. (2018). Reflections of entrepreneurs of small and medium-sized enterprises concerning the adoption of social media and its impact on performance outcomes: Evidence from the UAE. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 6-17.
6. Alalwan, A. A. (2018) Investigating the impact of social media advertising features on customer purchase intention. International Journal of Information Management, 42(June), 65–77, 2018
7. Alfeel & Ansari (2019) The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Purchase Intention: Consumer Survey in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8451 An International Peer-reviewed Journal DOI: 10.7176/JMCR Vol.56, 2019.
8. American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Standard 4.01.
9. American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Standard 8.10.
10. Anakle.com. (2021, June 10). Twitter Ban in Nigeria: Implications for Individuals and Businesses. Retrieved from https://anakle.com/twitter-ban-innigeriaimplications-for-individuals-andbusinesses/
11. Baabdullah, A. M., Alalwan, A. A., Rana, N. P., Kizgin, H., & Patil, P. (2019). Consumer use of mobile banking (M-Banking) in Saudi Arabia: Towards an integrated model. International Journal of Information Management, 44, 38–52.
12. Baiju Thomas (2022) The Role of Purposive Sampling Technique as a Tool for Informal Choices in a Social Sciences in Research Methods, Just Agriculture. Vol.2 Issue-5, JAN 2022
13. Bajdor, P.; Pawełoszek, I.; Fidlerova, H. (2021) Analysis and assessment of sustainable entrepreneurship practices in Polish small and medium enterprises. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3595
14. Belch, G. E., & Belch, M. A. (2018). Advertising and Promotion : An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, (12th Ed.). McGraw-Hill
15. Bıçakcıoğlu, N., İpek, İ., & Bayraktaroğlu, G. (2018). Antecedents and outcomes of brand love: the mediating role of brand loyalty. Journal of Marketing Communications, 24(8), 863–877. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2016.1244108
16. Bickart, B.; Schindler, R. M. (2001) Internet forums as influential sources of consumer information. Journal of interactive marketing, v. 15, p. 31-40.
17. Browning, N., Gogo, O., & Kimmel, M. (2018). Comprehending CSR messages: Applying the elaboration likelihood model. Corporate Communications, 23(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/CCIJ-07-2017-0068
18. Bryman, A. (2001). Social Research Methods. New York: Oxford University Press
19. Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2019) Business Research Methods. 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
20. Carlson, J. (2018). Customer engagement behaviours in social media : capturing innovation opportunities. Journal of Services Marketing, 32(1), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-02-2017- 0059
21. Chakravarty Rishi & Sarma Nripendra Narayan (2018) Hierarchy of Effects and Consumer Buying: Findings from Literature Review. JOLRC Volume IV : 2018
22. Chatterjee, S., & Kumar Kar, A. (2020) Why do small and medium enterprises use social media marketing and what is the impact: Empirical insights from India. International Journal of Information Management, 53(March), 102103, 2020
23. Chatterjee, P. (2001) Online Reviews – Do Consumers Use Them? Association for Consumer Research, v. 28, p. 129-134.
24. Cheung, C. M.; Thadani, D. R. (2012) The impact of electronic word-of-mouth communication: A literature analysis and integrative model. Decision support systems, v. 54, n. 1, p. 461-470.
25. Cochran, W.G. (1977) Sampling Techniques. 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
26. Coelho, P. S., Rita, P., & Santos, Z. R. (2018). On the relationship between consumer-brand identification, brand community, and brand loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 43(November 2016), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.03.011
27. Collins, H. (2010) “Creative Research: The Theory and Practice of Research for the Creative Industries” AVA Publications, p.38
28. Connolly, P. (2007). Qualitative Data Analysis in Education: A critical introduction using SPSS. London: Routledge.
29. Cooley S.C., & Smith, R. L. M. (2010). International Facebook faces: An analysis of self-inflicted face-ism in online profile pictures. Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association; Singapore. 2010.
30. Creswell, J.W. (2013) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th Edition, SAGE Publications, Inc., London.
31. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
32. Danish, I. A. (2019). Social media marketing. Masaryk University Faculty.
33. Davlembayeva, D. & Alamanos, E. (2023) Social Exchange Theory: A review. In S. Papagiannidis (Ed), TheoryHub Book. Available at http://open.ncl.ac.uk / ISBN: 9781739604400
34. Effendi, M. I., Sugandini, D., & Istanto, Y. (2020). Social media adoption in SMEs impacted by COVID-19: The TOE model. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 7(11), 915-925.
35. Effiom Lionel, & Edet Samuel Etim (2018) Success of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria: Do Environmental Factors Matter? Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online) Vol.9, No.4, 2018
36. Ekundayo, T. (2021, June 9). Nigeria: Twitter Ban is bad for SMEs. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/nigeri a-twitter-ban-bad-smes-tosinekundayo
37. Eriksson, P., & Kovalainen, A. (2008). Qualitative Methods in Business Research. London: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028044
38. Eyisi Daniel, (2016) ‘The Usefulness of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches and Methods in Researching Problem-Solving Ability in Science Education Curriculum’, Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.7, No.15, 2016
39. Eze, S. C., Chinedu-Eze, V. C. A., & Awa, H. O. (2021). Key success factors (KSFs) underlying the adoption of social media marketing technology. SAGE Open, 11(2), 21582440211006695. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006695
40. Faiswal Kasirye (2022) The Importance of Needs in Uses and Gratification Theory. International Islamic University Malaysia.
41. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Chapter 10.
42. Gabrielli V. & Balboni B. (2010), "SME practice towards integrated marketing communications", Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 28 (3), pp.275 - 290
43. Gautam, D.K. and Shrestha, S.K., (2018). Impact of Brand Equity on Purchase Intention of Smart Phones. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business, 9(1), 1-18.
44. Gbandi E.C, Iyamu G.O (2022) The effect of social media marketing on the growth of business: evidence from selected Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Benin City, Nigeria. Journal of Enterprise and Development (JED)Vol. 4, No. 1, June 2022ISSN (PRINT): 2715-3118, ISSN (ONLINE): 2685-8258
45. Gekombe, C., Tumsifu, E., & Jani, D. (2019). Social media use among small and medium enterprises: a case of fashion industry growth. University of Dar Es Salaam Library Journal, 14(2), 3–18.
46. Gironda, J. T., & Korgaonkar, P. K. (2014). Understanding consumers’ social networking site usage. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(5-6), 571 605.
47. Gnizy, I. (2019). Big data and its strategic path to value in international firms. International Marketing Review, 36(3), 318–341.
48. Gokhale (2020) ‘Impact of Social Media as a Marketing Tool on Sme in Pune Region’. Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology. Volume 22, Issue 11, November - 2020 Page-785. ISSN: 1007-6735
49. Gorard, S. (2001). Quantitative Methods in Educational Research: The role of numbers made easy. London: The Tower Building.
50. Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2014). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (9th ed.). Chapter 12.
51. Griffith, E. E., Nolder, C. J., & Petty, R. E. (2018). The elaboration likelihood model: A metatheory for synthesizing auditor judgment and decision-making research. Auditing, 37(4), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.2308/AJPT-52018
52. Gujarati, D.N. and Porter, D.C. (2009) Basic Econometrics. 5th Edition, McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
53. Guo, H., Yang, Z., Huang, R., & Guo, A. (2020). The digitalization and public crisis responses of small and medium enterprises: Implications from a COVID-19 survey. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 14(1), 1-25
54. Gurney, P. M., Chambers, E., Grant, L., Shah, S., & Sullivan, M. (2004). The Internet: Marketing Researchers Panacea or Pandoras Box? The Marketing Review, 4(1), 27-46.
55. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Chapter 11.
56. Hennig-Thurau, T.; Gwinner, K. P.; Walsh, G.; Gremler, D. D. (2004) Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the Internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, v. 18, n. 1, p. 38-52
57. Hollebeek, L. (2018). Exploring customer brand engagement: Definition and themes. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 19(7), 555–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2011.599493
58. Hossain, N., Alam, R. M. K., & Gavlovskaya, G. (2018). Effective microcredit banking for growth and development of small business and improve the poverty condition in Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, 13(2). Pp.1-7
59. Howell, D. C. (2012). Statistical methods for psychology (8th ed.). Chapter 9.
60. Ile C.M et al (2018) Social Media: A Tool For Successful Operation Of Small And Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) In The 21st Century Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Business Education (NIGJBED) Volume 5 No.1, 2018.
61. Isiaka M.A., Adeosun O.T., Okewale A.T. (2022), Social Media Usage and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation 5(2), 94- 103. DOI: 10.52589/IJEBIUA02U9U3
62. Išoraitė Margarita, (2008), The Balanced Scorecard Method: From Theory To Practice. Intellectual Economics 2008, No. 1(3), p. 18–28
63. Jimada, U. (2019) Social Media in the Public Sphere of Accountability in Nigeria. Global Media Journal, 17(Jun), 1–9, 2019
64. John, I., Kalu, A., Peace, N., Prince, A., Ekeowa, K. &Etim, A. (2019). Social Media Adoption and Performance of Telecommunication Firms in Nigeria: from Innovation Diffusion Theory to Technology Acceptance Model. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(12), 100-114.
65. John, S. P., & De’Villiers, R. (2020). Elaboration of marketing communication through visual media: An empirical analysis. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 54, 102052. https:// doi.org/10.1016/J.JRETCONSER.2020.102052
66. Jolliffe, I. (2002) Principal Component Analysis. 2nd Edition, Springer, New York.
67. Kahraman, A., & Kazançoğlu, İ. (2019). Understanding consumers‘ purchase intentions toward natural‐claimed products: A qualitative research in personal care products. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(6), 1218–1233.
68. Kapferer, J.N. (2008). The new strategic brand management, creating and sustaining brand equity long term. London: Kogan Page.
69. Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68.
70. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P., (1996) The Balanced Scorecard, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1996
71. Kateri Zahradden (2021) Impact Of Social Media Adoption On Performance Of SMEs In Kano State, Nigeria. International Journal of Management Science and Entrepreneurship. Published by Cambridge Research and Publications IJMSE ISSN-1994-0386 (Print) 231 Vol. 21 No.7 June, 2021.
72. Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, Measuring and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1) 1-22.
73. King, R. A.; Pradeep, R.; Victoria, D. B. (2014) What We Know and Don’t Know About Online Word-of-Mouth: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature. Journal of Interactive Marketing, v. 28, n. 3, p. 167-183.
74. Kim, K.H., Kim, K.S., Kim, D.U., Kim, J.H., & Kang, S.H. (2008). Brand equity in hospital marketing. Journal of Business Research, 61, 75–82.
75. Kim Anh Vu Thi , Thuy Duong Vu & Khanh Van Hoang (2018) Using the Balanced Scorecard to Measure the Performance of Small and Medium- Sized Garment Enterprises in Vietnam. Accounting and Finance Research Vol. 7, No. 3; 2018
76. Kim, E., Sung, Y., & Kang, H. (2014). Brand followers’ re-tweeting behavior on Twitter: How brand relationships influence brand electronic word-of mouth. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 18-25.
77. Kim, S.; Park, H. (2013) Effects of various characteristics of s-commerce on consumers’ trust and trust performance. International Journal of Information Management, v. 33, n. 2, p. 318-332.
78. Kliatchko, J. (2005). Towards a new definition of integrated marketing communications (IMC). International Journal of Advertising, 24(1), 7–34.
79. Kumar, N.; Benbasat, I. (2006) Research note: The influence of recommendations and consumer reviews on evaluations of websites. Information Systems Research, v. 17, n. 4, p. 425-439.
80. Kumar, A., & Ayedee, N. (2018). Social media tools for business growth of SMEs. Journal of Management (JOM), 5(3), 137-142.
81. Kumar, A. and Möller, K., (2018). Extending the Boundaries of Corporate Branding: An Exploratory Study of the Influence of Brand Familiarity in Recruitment Practices Through Social Media by B2B Firms. Corporate Reputation Review, 21(3), pp.101-114.
82. Kutner, M.H., Neter, J., Nachtsheim, C.J. and Li, W. (2004) Applied linear statistical models, 5th Edition. McGraw- Hill Irwin, Boston.
83. Krisnanto, A. B. (2020, January). Social media marketing and marketing performance on new SME: A moderating consumer innovativeness. In 17th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2020) (pp. 336-338). Atlantis Press
84. Kwok, L., &Yu, B. (2013). Spreading social media messages on Facebook: An analysis of restaurant business-to-consumer communications. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(1), 84-94.
85. Lawal, O. (2021) Investigating Digital Marketing Technologies Usage Extent in the Nigerian Telecommunications Industry: A Study from the Consumers Nelson Smartphone (2018) Analysis of Mobile adoption search engine marketing, USA
86. Lawal et al (2022) The Relationship between Social Media Marketing and SMEs Performance in Nigeria: A Systemic Literature Review. Journal of Positive School Psychology Vol. 6, No. 3, 8665–8673 http://journalppw.com2022
87. Lawal, L. O., & Adejuwon, J. A. (2023). Social media marketing and sales performance of selected small and medium enterprises in South West Nigeria. Journal of Management, Economics, and Industrial Organization, 7(1), 48- 64. http://doi.org/10.31039/jomeino.2023.7.1.4
88. Leckie, C., Nyadzayo, M. W., & Johnson, L. W. (2018). Antecedents of consumer brand engagement and brand loyalty. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(5–6), 558–578
89. Lichtman, M. (2013). Qualitative Research in Education: A User’s Guide. (3rd ed). USA: SAGE Publication.
90. Lita, R. P., Meuthia, M., Alfian, H., & Dewi, D. S. (2020). Perceived Packaging, Perceived Value, Perceived Quality dan Purchase Intention pada Tenun Kubang di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota. Jurnal Samudra Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 12(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.33059/jseb.v12i1.2418
91. Liu, C., Bao, Z., & Zheng, C. (2019). Exploring consumers’ purchase intention in social commerce: An empirical study based on trust, argument quality, and social presence. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 31(2), 378–397. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2018-0170
92. Locket, A. R. (2018). Online Marketing Strategies for Increasing Sales Revenues of Small Retail Businesses. Walden University
93. Longworth G (2012) Epistemology. University of London International Programmes.
94. Lorenz, E. & Pommet, S., (2018). “Innovation, Credit Constraints and National Banking Systems: A Comparison of Developing Nations.” Innovation Systems, Policy and Management, pp.178-216
95. Madu U.A, Daniel S.U, Kenneth E.T, Ehi O.E (2021) Appraisal of Social Media Marketing as Effective Tool in Boosting Entrepreneurship for Economic Development in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 26, Issue 9, Series 2 (September. 2021) 34-47 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org
96. Mahboub, R. M. (2018). The impact of social media usage on performance of the banking sector in Middle East and North Africa countries. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 6(3), 3-20.
97. Montgomery, D.C., Peck, E.A. and Vining, G.G. (2012) Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis. Vol. 821, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.
98. Mostafa, A.M.S. & Bottomley, P.A. (2020). Self-Sacrificial Leadership and Employee Behaviours: An Examination of the Role of Organizational Social Capital. Journal of Business Ethics, 161 (3), 641-652.
99. Morah, D. N., & Omojola, O. (2018) Social Media Use and Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria: Lagos and Onitsha in Focus. International Journal of Advanced Study and Research Work, 1(5), 15, 2018
100. Muk, A., & Chung, C. (2014). Driving consumers to become fans of brand pages: A theoretical framework. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 14(1), 1-10.
101. Muller, E., & Peres, R. (2019). The effect of social networks structure on innovation performance: A review and directions for research. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 36(1), 3–19
102. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Fostering integrity in research. Chapter 3.
103. NBS (2021). A collaborative survey between National Bureau of Statistics and Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria. https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/
104. Ndife Chinelo (2020) Influence of Social Media on the Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. African Scholar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (JHSS-6). Vol. 19 No. 6 ISSN: 2110-2086 December, 2020
105. Nkpurukwe, O.I, Bright, C.O (2022) Social Media Marketing And Customer Fulfillment Of Airline Operators In Nigeria. International Journal of Advancement in Strategic Management and Marketing. Volume 9, Number 2, 2022.
106. Nuha Hassan E.E et al (2018) The Effect of Social Media Marketing in Small Business Performance. International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp: (141-147), Month: January - April 2018, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
107. Nuseir, M. T. (2018). Digital media impact on SMEs performance in the UAE. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 24(2), 1-13.
108. Octafiola, U.A, & Yuliati E. (2022) Elaboration Likelihood Model in Marketing Communication Through Social Media for Tourism in Indonesia. W. R. Murhadi et al. (Eds.): INSYMA 2022, AEBMR 223, pp. 944–954, 2023
109. Office for Research Protections, The Pennsylvania State University. (2020). Data management best practices.
110. Ogbonnaya, U. (2019). Adoption and Perceived Usefulness of Social Media by Preservice Teachers in Nigeria. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 13(6), 52-66.
111. Oliver, R.L., & Bearden, W.O. (1985). Crossover effects in the theory of reasoned action: a moderating influence attempt. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 324-340.
112. Olof Holm, (2006) "Integrated marketing communication: from tactics to strategy", Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 11(1), pp.23 33
113. Olujide, O., Philip, D.O.O. (2020) Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance: A Case Study of SMEs in Ibadan Metropolis. The International Journal of Business & Management, 8(2), 252–258., 2020
114. Oraedu, C. (2020), “How value and quality motivate positive word-of-mouth behaviour: expressing the rules of reasoning in the Nigerian telecom market”, International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-07-2018-0188
115. Orasmäe Avery, (2017) Integrated Marketing Communication. B.A Thesis (Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences)
116. Palusuk, N., Koles, B., & Hasan, R. (2019). „All you need is brand love‟: a critical review and comprehensive conceptual framework for brand love. Journal of Marketing Management, 35(1–2), 97–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2019.1572025
117. Pentina, I., Koh, A.C. and Le, T.T, (2018) ‘Adoption of social networks marketing by SMEs: exploring the role of social influences and experience in technology acceptance’, Int. J. Internet Marketing and Advertising, Vol. X, No. Y, pp.1-18
118. Pluta-Olearnik Mirosława (2018) Integrated Marketing Communication — Concepts, Practice, New Challenges. Sciendo. MINIB, 2018, Vol. 28, Issue 2, p. 121–138
119. Purnasari, H., & Yuliando, H. (2015). How Relationship Quality on Customer Commitment Influences Positive e-WOM. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 3, 149-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.01.029
120. Qalati et al (2022) Social Media and SMEs’ Performance in Developing Countries: Effects of Technological-Organizational Environmental Factors on the Adoption of Social Media. SAGE Open April-June 2022: 1–13
121. Quinton, S., & Wilson, D. (2016). Tensions and ties in social media networks: Towards a model of understanding business relationship development and business performance enhancement through the use of LinkedIn. Industrial Marketing Management, 54, 15–24.
122. Redjeki, F., & Affandi, A. (2021). Utilization of Digital Marketing for MSME Players as Value Creation for Customers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Science and Society, 3(1), 40-55.
123. Ritanjali Majh (2020) Impact of Social Media Marketing on Brand Awareness. Indian Institute Of Management Kozhikode 04th International Conference on Marketing, Technology & Society 2020.
124. Salam, S., & Hoque, A. S. M. M. (2019). The role of social media and effect of relationship marketing on SME performance in BANGLADESH: MultiGroup CFA. Asian People Journal (APJ), 2(1), 12 – 31.
125. Salem, S. F., & Salem, S. O. (2019). Effects of social media marketing and selected marketing constructs on stages of brand loyalty. Global Business Review, 22(3), 650–673. https://doi. org/10.1177/0972150919830863
126. Samat, M. F., Yusoff, M.N.H., Ismail, M. (2018) The Mediating Effect of Social Media Marketing Adoption between Competitive Intelligence and SME Performance. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 8(7), 379–387, 2018
127. Sarah, A. (2018). Effectiveness of Electronic Marketing on Business Performance: Case Study of MTN-Uganda. B.Sc. Project, Department of Business Statistics, Makerere University.
128. Saunders, M.N.K., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2019) Research Methods for Business Students. 8th Edition, Pearson, New York.
129. Schiffman, L.G., & Kanuk, L.L. (2007). Consumer behavior (9th ed.). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc.
130. Seyi, B. (2021, June 6). 6 Ways Twitter ban will affect families, businesses in Nigeria. Vanguard Newspaper. Retrieved from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/0 6/6-ways-twitter-ban-willaffectfamilies-businesses-in-nigeria
131. Shamah, R. A. M., Mason, M. C., Moretti, A., & Raggiotto, F. (2018). Investigating the antecedents of African fast food customers‟ loyalty: A self-congruity perspective. Journal of Business Research, 86(October 2016), 446–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.05.020
132. Shank, G. & Brown, L. (2007). Exploring Educational Research Literacy. New York: Routledge.
133. Silvano, G., & Mbogo, C. (2022). Impact of social media marketing on small businesses’ sales performance: A case of women clothing stores in Nyamagana District, Tanzania, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(2), 70-82. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.6.2.6
134. Singh, M., Singh, G. (2018) Impact of social media on e-commerce. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (UAE), 7(2), 21–26, 2018
135. Smith, A. N., Fischer, E., & Yongjian, C. (2012). How does brand-related usergenerated content differ across YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(2), 102-113.
136. Smits, M., & Mogos, S. (2020). The impact of social media on business performance. ECIS 2013 Completed Research, 125. http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2013_cr/125
137. Subramanian, K. R., (2018) “Social media and the word of mouth publicity,” International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, Volume 3, Issue 2, pp. 95-100, 2018
138. Sufian, A., Min, C. S., Murad, M. A., & Aziz, N. A. (2020). The impact of social media marketing on sales performance of small online business. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(3), 922-940.
139. Syaifullah, J., Syaifudin, M., Sukendar, M. U., & Junaedi, J. (2021). Social media marketing and business performance of MSMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(2), 523-531.
140. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education. Chapter 12.
141. Trochim, W. M., & Donnelly, J. P. (2008). The research methods knowledge base (3rd ed.). Chapter 6.
142. Van Tonder, E., Petzer, D.J., van Vuuren, N. and De Beer, L.T. (2018), “Perceived value, relationship quality and positive WOM intention in banking”, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 36 No. 7, pp. 1347-1366
143. Vila, N., & Kuster, I. (2004). Marketing through internet: new strategic challenges. The Marketing Review, 4(3), 291-305
144. Wajdy Omr (2021) Customer Engagement in Social Media Brand Community. Millennium Journal Of Economic And Administrative Sciences 2(2): (2021) ISSN: 2709-393X (ONLINE) 2709-3921 (PRINT) https://doi.org/10.47340/mjeas.v2i2.4.2021
145. Wang, X. & Liu, Z. (2019). Online engagement in social media: A cross-cultural comparison. Computers in Human Behavior, 97, 137-150.
146. Wayne W. LaMorte (2022) Diffusion of Innovation Theory. Boston University School of Public Health.
147. World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191-2194
148. World Health Organization. (2012). WHO statement on public disclosure of clinical trial results.
149. Yoo, B., & Donthu, N. (2001). Developing and validating multidimensional consumer-based brand equity scale. Journal of Business Research, 52, 1-14.
150. Zegeye Abiy, Alemayehu Worku, Daniel Tefera, Melese Getu, Yilma Sileshi (2009) Introduction to Research Methods. Addis Ababa University
151. Zhang, J. Q.; Craciun, G.; Shin, D. (2010) When does electronic word-of-mouth matter? A study of consumer product reviews. Journal of Business Research, v. 63, n. 12, p. 1336-1341.
152. Zhu, F.; Zhang, M. (2010) Impact of Online Consumer Reviews on Sales: The Moderating Role of Product and Consumer Characteristics. Journal of Marketing, v. 74, n. 2, p. 133-148.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muraina Olubunmi Titilayo, Dr Ammar Samour

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.